mach-detours/src/mach_detours.c

// Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation.  All rights reserved.
// Copyright (c) Lysann Tranvouez.  All rights reserved.

#include "mach_detours.h"

#include "detours_internal.h"
#include "arm64/detours_arm64.h"

#include <inttypes.h>
#include <stdatomic.h>
#include <stdint.h>
#include <stdlib.h>

#include <mach/mach.h>
#include <mach/mach_vm.h>

#ifdef __arm64__
#define DETOURS_ARM64
#else
#error Unsupported architecture (arm64)
#endif

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Trampoline Memory Management

typedef struct detour_region
{
    uint32_t signature;
    struct detour_region* next; // Next region in list of regions.
    detour_trampoline* free_list_head; // List of free trampolines in this region.
} detour_region;

// ReSharper disable once CppMultiCharacterLiteral
static const uint32_t DETOUR_REGION_SIGNATURE = 'Rrtd';
static const uint32_t DETOUR_REGION_SIZE = 0x10000;
static const uint32_t DETOUR_TRAMPOLINES_PER_REGION = (DETOUR_REGION_SIZE / sizeof(detour_trampoline)) - 1;
static detour_region* s_regions_head = nullptr;
static detour_region* s_default_region = nullptr;

static mach_error_t internal_detour_writable_trampoline_regions()
{
    // Mark all the regions as writable.
    const mach_port_t port = mach_task_self();
    for (detour_region* pRegion = s_regions_head; pRegion != NULL; pRegion = pRegion->next) {
        const mach_error_t error = mach_vm_protect(port, (mach_vm_address_t)pRegion, DETOUR_REGION_SIZE, false,
                                                   VM_PROT_READ | VM_PROT_WRITE);
        if (error != err_none) {
            return error;
        }
    }
    return err_none;
}

static void internal_detour_runnable_trampoline_regions()
{
    // Mark all the regions as executable.
    const mach_port_t port = mach_task_self();
    for (detour_region* pRegion = s_regions_head; pRegion != NULL; pRegion = pRegion->next) {
        const mach_error_t error = mach_vm_protect(port, (mach_vm_address_t)pRegion, DETOUR_REGION_SIZE, false,
                                                   VM_PROT_READ | VM_PROT_EXECUTE);
        if (error != err_none) {
            DETOUR_BREAK();
        }
    }
}

static void internal_detour_free_trampoline(detour_trampoline* trampoline)
{
    detour_region* region = (detour_region*)((uintptr_t)trampoline & ~(uintptr_t)0xffff);

    memset(trampoline, 0, sizeof(*trampoline));
    trampoline->ptr_remain = (uint8_t*)region->free_list_head;
    region->free_list_head = trampoline;
}

static bool internal_detour_is_region_empty(detour_region* region)
{
    // Stop if the region isn't a region (this would be bad).
    if (region->signature != DETOUR_REGION_SIGNATURE) {
        DETOUR_BREAK();
        return false;
    }

    uint8_t* region_begin = (uint8_t*)region;
    uint8_t* region_limit = region_begin + DETOUR_REGION_SIZE;

    // Stop if any of the trampolines aren't free.
    detour_trampoline* trampoline = ((detour_trampoline*)region) + 1;
    for (int i = 0; i < DETOUR_TRAMPOLINES_PER_REGION; i++) {
        if (trampoline[i].ptr_remain != NULL &&
            (trampoline[i].ptr_remain < region_begin || trampoline[i].ptr_remain >= region_limit)) {
            return false;
        }
    }

    // OK, the region is empty.
    return true;
}

static void internal_detour_free_unused_trampoline_regions()
{
    detour_region** ptr_region_base = &s_regions_head;
    detour_region* curr_region = s_regions_head;

    const mach_port_t port = mach_task_self();

    while (curr_region) {
        if (internal_detour_is_region_empty(curr_region)) {
            *ptr_region_base = curr_region->next;

            vm_deallocate(port, (vm_address_t)curr_region, DETOUR_REGION_SIZE);
            s_default_region = nullptr;
        } else {
            ptr_region_base = &curr_region->next;
        }
        curr_region = *ptr_region_base;
    }
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Trampoline Helpers

static uint8_t internal_detour_align_from_trampoline(const detour_trampoline* trampoline,
                                                     const uint8_t offset_trampoline)
{
    for (int32_t n = 0; n < ARRAYSIZE(trampoline->align); n++) {
        if (trampoline->align[n].offset_trampoline == offset_trampoline) {
            return trampoline->align[n].offset_target;
        }
    }
    return 0;
}

static uint8_t internal_detour_align_from_target(const detour_trampoline* trampoline, const uint8_t offset_target)
{
    for (int32_t n = 0; n < ARRAYSIZE(trampoline->align); n++) {
        if (trampoline->align[n].offset_target == offset_target) {
            return trampoline->align[n].offset_trampoline;
        }
    }
    return 0;
}

////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
// Transactions

typedef enum detour_operation_kind
{
    detour_operation_kind_attach,
    detour_operation_kind_detach,
} detour_operation_kind;

typedef struct detour_operation
{
    struct detour_operation* next;
    detour_operation_kind kind;
    uint8_t** pointer;
    uint8_t* target;
    detour_trampoline* trampoline;
    vm_prot_t perm;
} detour_operation;

typedef struct detour_pending_thread
{
    struct detour_pending_thread* next;
    thread_t thread;
} detour_pending_thread;

static bool s_ignore_too_small = false;
static bool s_retain_regions = false;

static _Atomic(thread_t) s_transaction_thread = THREAD_NULL;
static detour_operation* s_pending_operations_head = nullptr;
static detour_pending_thread* s_pending_threads_head = nullptr;

static mach_error_t s_pending_error = err_none;
static void** s_pending_error_pointer = nullptr;

mach_error_t detour_transaction_begin()
{
    // Make sure only one thread can start a transaction.
    thread_t expected = THREAD_NULL;
    // ReSharper disable once CppIncompatiblePointerConversion
    if (!atomic_compare_exchange_strong(&s_transaction_thread, &expected, mach_thread_self())) {
        return detour_err_in_progress;
    }

    s_pending_operations_head = nullptr;
    s_pending_threads_head = nullptr;
    s_pending_error_pointer = nullptr;

    // Make sure the trampoline pages are writable.
    s_pending_error = internal_detour_writable_trampoline_regions();

    return s_pending_error;
}

mach_error_t detour_transaction_abort()
{
    if (s_transaction_thread != mach_thread_self()) {
        return detour_err_wrong_thread;
    }

    // Restore all the page permissions.
    const mach_port_t port = mach_task_self();
    for (detour_operation* operation = s_pending_operations_head; operation != nullptr;) {
        DETOUR_CHECK(
            mach_vm_protect(port, (mach_vm_address_t)operation->target, operation->trampoline->restore_code_size, false,
                operation->perm));

        if (operation->kind == detour_operation_kind_attach) {
            if (operation->trampoline) {
                internal_detour_free_trampoline(operation->trampoline);
                operation->trampoline = nullptr;
            }
        }

        detour_operation* next = operation->next;
        free(operation);
        operation = next;
    }
    s_pending_operations_head = nullptr;

    // Make sure the trampoline pages are no longer writable.
    internal_detour_runnable_trampoline_regions();

    // Resume any suspended threads.
    for (detour_pending_thread* thread = s_pending_threads_head; thread != nullptr;) {
        // There is nothing we can do if this fails.
        DETOUR_CHECK(thread_resume(thread->thread));

        detour_pending_thread* next = thread->next;
        free(thread);
        thread = next;
    }
    s_pending_threads_head = nullptr;
    s_transaction_thread = THREAD_NULL;

    return err_none;
}

mach_error_t detour_transaction_commit()
{
    return detour_transaction_commit_ex(nullptr);
}

mach_error_t detour_transaction_commit_ex(detour_func_t** out_failed_target)
{
    if (out_failed_target != NULL) {
        *out_failed_target = s_pending_error_pointer;
    }
    if (s_transaction_thread != mach_thread_self()) {
        return detour_err_wrong_thread;
    }

    // If any of the pending operations failed, then we abort the whole transaction.
    if (s_pending_error != err_none) {
        DETOUR_BREAK();
        detour_transaction_abort();
        return s_pending_error;
    }

    // Insert or remove each of the detours.
    for (detour_operation* operation = s_pending_operations_head; operation != nullptr; operation = operation->next) {
        if (operation->kind == detour_operation_kind_detach) {
            memcpy(operation->target, operation->trampoline->restore_code, operation->trampoline->restore_code_size);
#ifdef DETOURS_ARM64
            *operation->pointer = operation->target;
#endif
        } else {
            DETOUR_TRACE(("detours: trampoline=%p, ptr_remain=%p, ptr_detour=%p, restore_code_size=%u\n",
                operation->trampoline,
                operation->trampoline->ptr_remain,
                operation->trampoline->ptr_detour,
                operation->trampoline->restore_code_size));

            DETOUR_TRACE(("detours: target=%p: "
                "%02x %02x %02x %02x "
                "%02x %02x %02x %02x "
                "%02x %02x %02x %02x [before]\n",
                operation->target,
                operation->target[0], operation->target[1], operation->target[2], operation->target[3],
                operation->target[4], operation->target[5], operation->target[6], operation->target[7],
                operation->target[8], operation->target[9], operation->target[10], operation->target[11]));

#ifdef DETOURS_ARM64
            uint8_t* code = internal_detour_gen_jmp_indirect(operation->target,
                                                             (uint64_t*)&(operation->trampoline->ptr_detour));
            code = internal_detour_gen_brk(code, operation->trampoline->ptr_remain);
            UNUSED_VARIABLE(code);
            *operation->pointer = operation->trampoline->code;
#endif // DETOURS_ARM64

            DETOUR_TRACE(("detours: target=%p: "
                "%02x %02x %02x %02x "
                "%02x %02x %02x %02x "
                "%02x %02x %02x %02x [after]\n",
                operation->target,
                operation->target[0], operation->target[1], operation->target[2], operation->target[3],
                operation->target[4], operation->target[5], operation->target[6], operation->target[7],
                operation->target[8], operation->target[9], operation->target[10], operation->target[11]));

            DETOUR_TRACE(("detours: trampoline=%p: "
                "%02x %02x %02x %02x "
                "%02x %02x %02x %02x "
                "%02x %02x %02x %02x\n",
                operation->trampoline,
                operation->trampoline->code[0], operation->trampoline->code[1],
                operation->trampoline->code[2], operation->trampoline->code[3],
                operation->trampoline->code[4], operation->trampoline->code[5],
                operation->trampoline->code[6], operation->trampoline->code[7],
                operation->trampoline->code[8], operation->trampoline->code[9],
                operation->trampoline->code[10], operation->trampoline->code[11]));
        }
    }

    // Update any suspended threads.
    for (detour_pending_thread* thread = s_pending_threads_head; thread != nullptr; thread = thread->next) {
        arm_thread_state64_t threadState;
        mach_msg_type_number_t threadStateCnt = ARM_THREAD_STATE64_COUNT;
        const kern_return_t error = thread_get_state(thread->thread, ARM_THREAD_STATE64, (thread_state_t)&threadState,
                                                     &threadStateCnt);
        if (error != err_none) {
            DETOUR_BREAK();
            continue;
        }
        const uintptr_t pc = arm_thread_state64_get_pc(threadState);

        for (detour_operation* op = s_pending_operations_head; op != nullptr; op = op->next) {
            switch (op->kind) {
                case detour_operation_kind_attach: {
                    const uintptr_t targetAddr = (uintptr_t)op->target;
                    if (pc >= targetAddr && pc < targetAddr + op->trampoline->restore_code_size) {
                        uintptr_t new_pc = (uintptr_t)op->trampoline;
                        new_pc += internal_detour_align_from_target(op->trampoline, pc - targetAddr);
                        printf("detours: thread %u was at 0x%" PRIXPTR ", moved to 0x%" PRIXPTR "\n", thread->thread,
                               pc,
                               new_pc);
                        arm_thread_state64_set_pc_fptr(threadState, new_pc);
                        thread_set_state(thread->thread, ARM_THREAD_STATE64, (thread_state_t)&threadState,
                                         ARM_THREAD_STATE64_COUNT);
                    }
                    break;
                }
                case detour_operation_kind_detach: {
                    const uintptr_t trampAddr = (uintptr_t)op->trampoline;
                    if (pc >= trampAddr && pc < trampAddr + sizeof(*op->trampoline)) {
                        uintptr_t new_pc = (uintptr_t)op->target;
                        new_pc += internal_detour_align_from_trampoline(op->trampoline, pc - trampAddr);
                        printf("detours: thread %u was at 0x%" PRIXPTR ", moved to 0x%" PRIXPTR "\n", thread->thread,
                               pc,
                               new_pc);
                        arm_thread_state64_set_pc_fptr(threadState, new_pc);
                        thread_set_state(thread->thread, ARM_THREAD_STATE64, (thread_state_t)&threadState,
                                         ARM_THREAD_STATE64_COUNT);
                    }
                    break;
                }
            }
        }
    }

    // Restore all the page permissions
    bool freed_trampoline = false;
    const mach_port_t port = mach_task_self();
    for (detour_operation* operation = s_pending_operations_head; operation != nullptr;) {
        DETOUR_CHECK(
            mach_vm_protect(port, (mach_vm_address_t)operation->target, operation->trampoline->restore_code_size, false,
                operation->perm));

        if (operation->kind == detour_operation_kind_detach && operation->trampoline) {
            internal_detour_free_trampoline(operation->trampoline);
            operation->trampoline = nullptr;
            freed_trampoline = true;
        }

        detour_operation* next = operation->next;
        free(operation);
        operation = next;
    }
    s_pending_operations_head = nullptr;

    // Free any trampoline regions that are now unused.
    if (freed_trampoline && !s_retain_regions) {
        internal_detour_free_unused_trampoline_regions();
    }

    // Make sure the trampoline pages are no longer writable.
    internal_detour_runnable_trampoline_regions();

    // Resume any suspended threads.
    for (detour_pending_thread* thread = s_pending_threads_head; thread != nullptr;) {
        // There is nothing we can do if this fails.
        DETOUR_CHECK(thread_resume(thread->thread));

        detour_pending_thread* next = thread->next;
        free(thread);
        thread = next;
    }
    s_pending_threads_head = nullptr;
    s_transaction_thread = THREAD_NULL;

    if (out_failed_target) {
        *out_failed_target = s_pending_error_pointer;
    }
    return s_pending_error;
}